perf: optimize large drawing workflows

Cargo.lock

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ checksum = "366ffbaa4442f4684d91e2cd7c5ea7c4ed8add41959a31447066e279e432b618"
 [[package]]
 name = "acadrust"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/OpenAEC-Foundation/acadifc?branch=main#3ef1e9c3483c44b93264c93965572c23b8678f17"
+source = "git+https://github.com/OpenAEC-Foundation/acadifc?rev=f045889e0243d88b6905124907487e0c0a1bf0e3#f045889e0243d88b6905124907487e0c0a1bf0e3"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash 0.8.12",
  "anyhow",
@@ -84,9 +84,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "flate2",
  "indexmap",
  "itoa",
+ "memmap2",
  "nalgebra",
  "nom 7.1.3",
  "once_cell",
+ "rayon",
  "ryu",
  "serde",
  "thiserror 1.0.69",

Cargo.toml

@@ -86,14 +86,11 @@ lyon_tessellation = "1.0.20"
 #                       (IApplicationAssociationRegistrationUI dialog).
 # Win32_System_Registry — HKCU registration that lists the app under
 #                       "Open with" for the portable .exe.
-windows-sys = { version = "0.61", features = ["Win32_UI_Shell", "Win32_UI_WindowsAndMessaging", "Win32_System_Com", "Win32_System_Registry", "Win32_Foundation"] }
+windows-sys = { version = "0.61", features = ["Win32_UI_Shell", "Win32_UI_WindowsAndMessaging", "Win32_System_Com", "Win32_System_Registry", "Win32_Storage_FileSystem", "Win32_Foundation"] }
 
 [patch.crates-io]
-# The `acadrust` crate now tracks the OpenAEC-Foundation/acadifc fork's main
+# Track the DWG reader/writer performance work used by this release.
-# (still the `acadrust` package): the in-flight DWG reader work plus the Arc
+acadrust = { git = "https://github.com/OpenAEC-Foundation/acadifc", rev = "f045889e0243d88b6905124907487e0c0a1bf0e3" }
-# copy-on-write entity storage that makes the undo document clone cheap. Drop the
-# patch once these land in a published 0.4 crate.
-acadrust = { git = "https://github.com/OpenAEC-Foundation/acadifc", branch = "main" }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
 # Native enables the plugin host runtime (out-of-process plugins).

src/app/document.rs

@@ -13,8 +13,11 @@ use iced;
 use std::any::Any;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
+static NEXT_DOCUMENT_TAB_ID: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(1);
+
 // ── Dynamic input ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 /// One quantity shown in the dynamic-input overlay near the cursor.
@@ -154,9 +157,15 @@ impl DocumentTab {
 }
 
 pub(super) struct DocumentTab {
+    /// Stable identity across tab insert/remove operations. Background work
+    /// must never target a tab by its transient vector index.
+    pub(super) id: u64,
     pub(super) scene: Scene,
     pub(super) current_path: Option<PathBuf>,
     pub(super) dirty: bool,
+    /// Monotonic committed-edit/undo/redo revision. Background save completion
+    /// uses it with scene epochs so an older snapshot never clears newer work.
+    pub(super) edit_revision: u64,
     pub(super) tab_title: String,
     pub(super) properties: PropertiesPanel,
     pub(super) layers: LayerPanel,
@@ -413,9 +422,11 @@ impl DocumentTab {
             }
         }
         Self {
+            id: NEXT_DOCUMENT_TAB_ID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed),
             scene,
             current_path: None,
             dirty: false,
+            edit_revision: 0,
             prev_selection: Vec::new(),
             tab_title: format!("Drawing{}", n),
             properties: PropertiesPanel::empty(),

src/app/history.rs

@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ impl OpenCADStudio {
 
     fn push_undo_entry(&mut self, i: usize, snapshot: HistorySnapshot) {
         self.tabs[i].history.undo_stack.push(snapshot);
+        self.tabs[i].edit_revision = self.tabs[i].edit_revision.wrapping_add(1);
         self.clear_redo_history(i);
         self.trim_history(i);
     }
@@ -480,6 +481,7 @@ impl OpenCADStudio {
         had_full: bool,
         changes: &[(Handle, crate::scene::ChangeKind)],
     ) {
+        self.tabs[i].edit_revision = self.tabs[i].edit_revision.wrapping_add(1);
         {
             let scene = &mut self.tabs[i].scene;
             if had_full {

src/app/mod.rs

@@ -739,6 +739,10 @@ pub(super) struct OpenCADStudio {
     // ── Unsaved-changes dialog ────────────────────────────────────────────
     /// Set when the user tries to close a tab or quit while there are unsaved changes.
     pending_close: Option<PendingClose>,
+    /// Latest save job per stable tab id. Older completions may finish, but
+    /// cannot mark a newer document state clean or redirect its path.
+    active_save_jobs: std::collections::HashMap<u64, u64>,
+    save_job_serial: u64,
     /// OS window for the unsaved-changes confirmation dialog.
 
     // ── Custom Save-As dialog ─────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -847,6 +851,35 @@ pub(super) enum PendingClose {
     Quit,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(super) enum SavePurpose {
+    Manual,
+    SaveAs,
+    Autosave,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(super) enum SaveContinuation {
+    None,
+    CloseTab,
+    Quit,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct SaveOutcome {
+    job_id: u64,
+    tab_id: u64,
+    epoch: u64,
+    revision: u64,
+    camera_generation: u64,
+    path: PathBuf,
+    previous_autosave: Option<PathBuf>,
+    set_current_path: bool,
+    purpose: SavePurpose,
+    continuation: SaveContinuation,
+    result: Result<(), String>,
+}
+
 /// Where a colour chosen in the standalone palette window should be applied.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub enum ColorPickTarget {
@@ -1404,8 +1437,8 @@ pub enum Message {
     AecDropBack,
     /// Periodic autosave tick — write `.sv$` recovery files for dirty tabs.
     AutoSave,
-    /// Save-as path picked for the unsaved-changes → save → close flow.
+    /// Native background save/autosave completed.
-    UnsavedPickedSavePath(Option<std::path::PathBuf>),
+    SaveFinished(SaveOutcome),
     // ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
     CommandInput(String),
     CommandSubmit,
@@ -2418,6 +2451,8 @@ impl OpenCADStudio {
             opening: None,
             pending_opens: std::collections::VecDeque::new(),
             pending_close: None,
+            active_save_jobs: std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+            save_job_serial: 0,
             save_dialog_format: "DWG 2018".to_string(),
             save_dialog_filename: "drawing.dwg".to_string(),
             save_dialog_for_unsaved: false,

src/app/update/dialog.rs

@@ -234,130 +234,83 @@ pub(super) fn on_ribbon_tool_click(&mut self, tool_id: String, event: ModuleEven
     }
 
     pub(super) fn on_unsaved_dialog_save(&mut self) -> Task<Message> {
-                match self.pending_close.take() {
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-                    Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Tab(idx)) => {
+        {
-                        if let Some(path) = if cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") { None } else { self.tabs[idx].current_path.clone() } {
+            let Some(pending) = self.pending_close.clone() else {
-                            match crate::io::save(&self.tabs[idx].scene.document, &path) {
+                return Task::none();
-                                Ok(()) => {
+            };
-                                    self.command_line
+            let (idx, continuation) = match pending {
-                                        .push_output(&format!("Saved: {}", path.display()));
+                crate::app::PendingClose::Tab(idx) => {
-                                    self.tabs[idx].dirty = false;
+                    (idx, crate::app::SaveContinuation::CloseTab)
-                                    let close_win = self.close_unsaved_dialog_window();
-                                    let close_tab = self.update(Message::TabClose(idx));
-                                    return Task::batch(vec![close_win, close_tab]);
-                                }
-                                Err(e) => {
-                                    // Keep dialog open for retry.
-                                    self.command_line.push_error(&format!("Save failed: {e}"));
-                                    self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Tab(idx));
-                                }
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            // No path — close unsaved dialog and save a default
-                            // DWG 2018 via the native destination dialog (no
-                            // version picker; that is reserved for Save As).
-                            self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Tab(idx));
-                            self.save_dialog_for_unsaved = true;
-                            let close_win = self.close_unsaved_dialog_window();
-                            let open_save = self.save_default_dwg2018(idx);
-                            return Task::batch([close_win, open_save]);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Quit) => {
-                        if let Some(idx) = self.tabs.iter().position(|t| t.dirty) {
-                            if let Some(path) = if cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") { None } else { self.tabs[idx].current_path.clone() } {
-                                match crate::io::save(&self.tabs[idx].scene.document, &path) {
-                                    Ok(()) => {
-                                        self.command_line
-                                            .push_output(&format!("Saved: {}", path.display()));
-                                        self.tabs[idx].dirty = false;
-                                    }
-                                    Err(e) => {
-                                        self.command_line.push_error(&format!("Save failed: {e}"));
-                                        self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Quit);
-                                        return Task::none();
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                // No path — close unsaved dialog and save a
-                                // default DWG 2018 via the native destination
-                                // dialog (version picker is Save-As only).
-                                self.active_tab = idx;
-                                self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Quit);
-                                self.save_dialog_for_unsaved = true;
-                                let close_win = self.close_unsaved_dialog_window();
-                                let open_save = self.save_default_dwg2018(idx);
-                                return Task::batch([close_win, open_save]);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        if self.tabs.iter().any(|t| t.dirty) {
-                            // More dirty tabs — keep window open.
-                            self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Quit);
-                        } else {
-                            let close_win = self.close_unsaved_dialog_window();
-                            return Task::batch(vec![close_win, self.exit_app()]);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    None => {}
                 }
-                Task::none()
+                crate::app::PendingClose::Quit => {
+                    let Some(idx) = self.tabs.iter().position(|tab| tab.dirty) else {
+                        self.pending_close = None;
+                        return Task::batch([
+                            self.close_unsaved_dialog_window(),
+                            self.exit_app(),
+                        ]);
+                    };
+                    (idx, crate::app::SaveContinuation::Quit)
+                }
+            };
+
+            if self.active_save_jobs.contains_key(&self.tabs[idx].id) {
+                self.command_line
+                    .push_info("Save already running for this drawing.");
+                return Task::none();
+            }
+
+            if let Some(path) = self.tabs[idx].current_path.clone() {
+                let version = self.tabs[idx].scene.document.version;
+                self.prepare_native_save(idx);
+                let close = self.close_unsaved_dialog_window();
+                let save = self.queue_native_save(
+                    idx,
+                    path,
+                    version,
+                    crate::app::SavePurpose::Manual,
+                    continuation,
+                    false,
+                );
+                return Task::batch([close, save]);
+            }
+
+            self.active_tab = idx;
+            self.save_dialog_for_unsaved = true;
+            let close = self.close_unsaved_dialog_window();
+            let save = self.save_default_dwg2018(idx);
+            return Task::batch([close, save]);
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+        {
+            match self.pending_close.take() {
+                Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Tab(idx)) => {
+                    self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Tab(idx));
+                    self.save_dialog_for_unsaved = true;
+                    let close = self.close_unsaved_dialog_window();
+                    let save = self.save_default_dwg2018(idx);
+                    Task::batch([close, save])
+                }
+                Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Quit) => {
+                    if let Some(idx) = self.tabs.iter().position(|tab| tab.dirty) {
+                        self.active_tab = idx;
+                        self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Quit);
+                        self.save_dialog_for_unsaved = true;
+                        let close = self.close_unsaved_dialog_window();
+                        let save = self.save_default_dwg2018(idx);
+                        Task::batch([close, save])
+                    } else {
+                        Task::batch([
+                            self.close_unsaved_dialog_window(),
+                            self.exit_app(),
+                        ])
+                    }
+                }
+                None => Task::none(),
+            }
+        }
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn on_unsaved_picked_save_path_some(&mut self, path: std::path::PathBuf) -> Task<Message> {
-                let (_ext, version) = crate::io::parse_save_format(&self.save_dialog_format);
-                match self.pending_close.take() {
-                    Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Tab(idx)) => {
-                        match crate::io::save_as_version(
-                            &self.tabs[idx].scene.document,
-                            &path,
-                            version,
-                        ) {
-                            Ok(()) => {
-                                self.command_line
-                                    .push_output(&format!("Saved: {}", path.display()));
-                                #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-                                let _ = std::fs::remove_file(self.autosave_target(idx));
-                                self.tabs[idx].current_path = Some(path);
-                                self.tabs[idx].dirty = false;
-                                return self.update(Message::TabClose(idx));
-                            }
-                            Err(e) => {
-                                self.command_line.push_error(&format!("Save failed: {e}"));
-                                self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Tab(idx));
-                                return self.open_unsaved_dialog_window();
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Quit) => {
-                        let i = self.active_tab;
-                        match crate::io::save_as_version(
-                            &self.tabs[i].scene.document,
-                            &path,
-                            version,
-                        ) {
-                            Ok(()) => {
-                                self.command_line
-                                    .push_output(&format!("Saved: {}", path.display()));
-                                #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-                                let _ = std::fs::remove_file(self.autosave_target(i));
-                                self.tabs[i].current_path = Some(path);
-                                self.tabs[i].dirty = false;
-                                if self.tabs.iter().any(|t| t.dirty) {
-                                    self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Quit);
-                                    return self.open_unsaved_dialog_window();
-                                } else {
-                                    return self.exit_app();
-                                }
-                            }
-                            Err(e) => {
-                                self.command_line.push_error(&format!("Save failed: {e}"));
-                                self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Quit);
-                                return self.open_unsaved_dialog_window();
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    None => {}
-                }
-                Task::none()
-    }
 }

src/app/update/file.rs

@@ -768,6 +768,213 @@ pub(super) fn on_open_file(&mut self) -> Task<Message> {
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    pub(in crate::app) fn prepare_native_save(&mut self, i: usize) {
+        self.sync_vport_display(i);
+        sync_annotation_scale_header(&mut self.tabs[i].scene);
+        self.stamp_header_sysvars(i);
+        self.tabs[i].scene.document.header.user_real1 =
+            self.tabs[i].scene.annotation_scale as f64;
+        self.sync_truck_solids_to_acis(i);
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    pub(in crate::app) fn queue_native_save(
+        &mut self,
+        i: usize,
+        path: std::path::PathBuf,
+        version: acadrust::DxfVersion,
+        purpose: crate::app::SavePurpose,
+        continuation: crate::app::SaveContinuation,
+        set_current_path: bool,
+    ) -> Task<Message> {
+        let tab_id = self.tabs[i].id;
+        if self.active_save_jobs.contains_key(&tab_id) {
+            if purpose != crate::app::SavePurpose::Autosave {
+                self.command_line
+                    .push_info("Save already running for this drawing.");
+            }
+            return Task::none();
+        }
+
+        let epoch = self.tabs[i].scene.geometry_epoch;
+        let revision = self.tabs[i].edit_revision;
+        let camera_generation = self.tabs[i].scene.camera_generation;
+        let thumbnail = if purpose == crate::app::SavePurpose::Autosave {
+            None
+        } else {
+            let scene = &self.tabs[i].scene;
+            Some((
+                scene.entity_wires(),
+                scene.camera.borrow().clone(),
+                scene.bg_color,
+                version >= acadrust::DxfVersion::AC1027,
+                self.vp_size,
+            ))
+        };
+        let clone_started = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let mut snapshot = self.tabs[i].scene.document.clone();
+        let clone_ms = clone_started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
+        if std::env::var_os("OCS_PERF").is_some() {
+            eprintln!(
+                "[perf] save-snapshot {:.1}ms entities={} objects={} purpose={purpose:?}",
+                clone_ms,
+                snapshot.entities().count(),
+                snapshot.objects.len(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        self.save_job_serial = self.save_job_serial.wrapping_add(1);
+        let job_id = self.save_job_serial;
+        self.active_save_jobs.insert(tab_id, job_id);
+        let previous_autosave = set_current_path.then(|| self.autosave_target(i));
+        let backup = purpose != crate::app::SavePurpose::Autosave && self.backup_on_save;
+        let worker_path = path.clone();
+
+        Task::perform(
+            async move {
+                let result = std::thread::spawn(move || {
+                    if let Some((wires, camera, bg_color, png, viewport)) = thumbnail {
+                        let started = std::time::Instant::now();
+                        snapshot.preview = crate::io::thumbnail::from_snapshot(
+                            &wires,
+                            &camera,
+                            bg_color,
+                            png,
+                            viewport,
+                        );
+                        if std::env::var_os("OCS_PERF").is_some() {
+                            eprintln!(
+                                "[perf] save-thumbnail {:.1}ms wires={}",
+                                started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0,
+                                wires.len(),
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                    crate::io::save_owned_as_version_atomic(
+                        snapshot,
+                        &worker_path,
+                        version,
+                        backup,
+                    )
+                })
+                .join()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| Err("save worker panicked".to_string()));
+                crate::app::SaveOutcome {
+                    job_id,
+                    tab_id,
+                    epoch,
+                    revision,
+                    camera_generation,
+                    path,
+                    previous_autosave,
+                    set_current_path,
+                    purpose,
+                    continuation,
+                    result,
+                }
+            },
+            Message::SaveFinished,
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    pub(super) fn on_save_finished(
+        &mut self,
+        outcome: crate::app::SaveOutcome,
+    ) -> Task<Message> {
+        let latest = self.active_save_jobs.get(&outcome.tab_id).copied()
+            == Some(outcome.job_id);
+        if latest {
+            self.active_save_jobs.remove(&outcome.tab_id);
+        }
+
+        let Some(i) = self.tabs.iter().position(|tab| tab.id == outcome.tab_id) else {
+            if outcome.purpose == crate::app::SavePurpose::Autosave {
+                let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&outcome.path);
+            }
+            return Task::none();
+        };
+        if !latest {
+            if outcome.purpose == crate::app::SavePurpose::Autosave {
+                let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&outcome.path);
+            }
+            return Task::none();
+        }
+
+        if let Err(error) = outcome.result {
+            self.command_line
+                .push_error(&format!("Save failed: {error}"));
+            return match outcome.continuation {
+                crate::app::SaveContinuation::CloseTab => {
+                    self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Tab(i));
+                    self.open_unsaved_dialog_window()
+                }
+                crate::app::SaveContinuation::Quit => {
+                    self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Quit);
+                    self.open_unsaved_dialog_window()
+                }
+                crate::app::SaveContinuation::None => Task::none(),
+            };
+        }
+
+        let snapshot_is_current = self.tabs[i].scene.geometry_epoch == outcome.epoch
+            && self.tabs[i].edit_revision == outcome.revision
+            && self.tabs[i].scene.camera_generation == outcome.camera_generation;
+        let mut tasks = Vec::new();
+        match outcome.purpose {
+            crate::app::SavePurpose::Autosave => {
+                self.command_line.push_output("Autosaved 1 drawing");
+            }
+            crate::app::SavePurpose::Manual | crate::app::SavePurpose::SaveAs => {
+                self.command_line
+                    .push_output(&format!("Saved: {}", outcome.path.display()));
+                self.recent_thumbs.remove(&outcome.path);
+                if let Some(previous) = outcome.previous_autosave {
+                    if previous != outcome.path {
+                        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(previous);
+                    }
+                }
+                if outcome.set_current_path {
+                    self.tabs[i].current_path = Some(outcome.path.clone());
+                    tasks.push(self.push_recent(outcome.path.clone()));
+                }
+                if snapshot_is_current {
+                    self.tabs[i].dirty = false;
+                    let _ = std::fs::remove_file(outcome.path.with_extension("sv$"));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        match outcome.continuation {
+            crate::app::SaveContinuation::None => {}
+            crate::app::SaveContinuation::CloseTab if snapshot_is_current => {
+                self.pending_close = None;
+                tasks.push(self.close_unsaved_dialog_window());
+                tasks.push(self.update(Message::TabClose(i)));
+            }
+            crate::app::SaveContinuation::Quit if snapshot_is_current => {
+                self.pending_close = None;
+                if self.tabs.iter().any(|tab| tab.dirty) {
+                    self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Quit);
+                    tasks.push(self.open_unsaved_dialog_window());
+                } else {
+                    tasks.push(self.close_unsaved_dialog_window());
+                    tasks.push(self.exit_app());
+                }
+            }
+            crate::app::SaveContinuation::CloseTab => {
+                self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Tab(i));
+                tasks.push(self.open_unsaved_dialog_window());
+            }
+            crate::app::SaveContinuation::Quit => {
+                self.pending_close = Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Quit);
+                tasks.push(self.open_unsaved_dialog_window());
+            }
+        }
+        Task::batch(tasks)
+    }
+
     pub(super) fn on_save_file(&mut self) -> Task<Message> {
                 if self.read_only {
                     self.command_line
@@ -775,37 +982,28 @@ pub(super) fn on_open_file(&mut self) -> Task<Message> {
                     return Task::none();
                 }
                 let i = self.active_tab;
-                // Stamp the live grid/snap toggles onto the VPort so the file
+                // Web serializes immediately below. Native preparation happens
-                // reflects them even if they came from settings with no
+                // once after the destination/version is known.
-                // in-session toggle (#121).
+                #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
-                self.sync_vport_display(i);
+                {
-                // Persist Ortho ($ORTHOMODE) + running OSNAP ($OSMODE) into the
+                    self.sync_vport_display(i);
-                // drawing header so they survive save/reopen (per-drawing).
+                    self.stamp_header_sysvars(i);
-                self.stamp_header_sysvars(i);
+                }
                 // Native: save straight to the known path. Web has no path
                 // (downloads instead), so always go through the Save dialog.
                 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
                 if let Some(path) = self.tabs[i].current_path.clone() {
-                    self.tabs[i].scene.document.header.user_real1 =
-                        self.tabs[i].scene.annotation_scale as f64;
                     // A direct Save preserves the document's current version.
-                    if self.backup_on_save {
-                        crate::io::write_backup(&path);
-                    }
-                    self.sync_truck_solids_to_acis(i);
                     let ver = self.tabs[i].scene.document.version;
-                    self.stamp_thumbnail(i, ver);
+                    self.prepare_native_save(i);
-                    match crate::io::save(&self.tabs[i].scene.document, &path) {
+                    return self.queue_native_save(
-                        Ok(()) => {
+                        i,
-                            self.command_line
+                        path,
-                                .push_output(&format!("Saved: {}", path.display()));
+                        ver,
-                            self.tabs[i].dirty = false;
+                        crate::app::SavePurpose::Manual,
-                            // A clean save supersedes any autosave recovery copy.
+                        crate::app::SaveContinuation::None,
-                            let _ = std::fs::remove_file(path.with_extension("sv$"));
+                        false,
-                        }
+                    );
-                        Err(e) => self.command_line.push_error(&format!("Save failed: {e}")),
-                    }
-                    return Task::none();
                 }
                 self.save_dialog_for_unsaved = false;
                 self.save_default_dwg2018(i)
@@ -937,37 +1135,24 @@ pub(super) fn on_open_file(&mut self) -> Task<Message> {
         };
         let (_ext, version) = crate::io::parse_save_format(&self.save_dialog_format);
         let i = self.active_tab;
-        sync_annotation_scale_header(&mut self.tabs[i].scene);
+        self.prepare_native_save(i);
-        // Persist Ortho / running OSNAP into the header (Save-As path).
+        let continuation = if self.save_dialog_for_unsaved {
-        self.stamp_header_sysvars(i);
+            match self.pending_close {
-        self.sync_truck_solids_to_acis(i);
+                Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Tab(_)) => crate::app::SaveContinuation::CloseTab,
-        self.stamp_thumbnail(i, version);
+                Some(crate::app::PendingClose::Quit) => crate::app::SaveContinuation::Quit,
-        if self.backup_on_save {
+                None => crate::app::SaveContinuation::None,
-            crate::io::write_backup(&path);
-        }
-        match crate::io::save_as_version(&self.tabs[i].scene.document, &path, version) {
-            Ok(()) => {
-                self.command_line
-                    .push_output(&format!("Saved: {}", path.display()));
-                // Drop any prior autosave copy — including the temp one used
-                // while the drawing was still unsaved — before the tab takes on
-                // its new path.
-                let _ = std::fs::remove_file(self.autosave_target(i));
-                self.tabs[i].current_path = Some(path.clone());
-                self.tabs[i].dirty = false;
-                let _ = std::fs::remove_file(path.with_extension("sv$"));
-                let recent = self.push_recent(path.clone());
-                if self.save_dialog_for_unsaved {
-                    return Task::batch([
-                        recent,
-                        self.update(Message::UnsavedPickedSavePath(Some(path))),
-                    ]);
-                }
-                return recent;
             }
-            Err(e) => self.command_line.push_error(&format!("Save failed: {e}")),
+        } else {
-        }
+            crate::app::SaveContinuation::None
-        Task::none()
+        };
+        self.queue_native_save(
+            i,
+            path,
+            version,
+            crate::app::SavePurpose::SaveAs,
+            continuation,
+            true,
+        )
     }
 
     /// AEC-drop warning → "Save anyway": accept the loss and proceed with the
@@ -1019,25 +1204,25 @@ pub(super) fn on_open_file(&mut self) -> Task<Message> {
     /// touches the original file or the dirty flag.
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
     pub(super) fn on_autosave(&mut self) -> Task<Message> {
-        let mut n = 0;
+        let mut tasks = Vec::new();
         for i in 0..self.tabs.len() {
-            if !self.tabs[i].dirty {
+            if !self.tabs[i].dirty
+                || self.active_save_jobs.contains_key(&self.tabs[i].id)
+            {
                 continue;
             }
             let version = self.tabs[i].scene.document.version;
-            if let Ok(bytes) =
+            let target = self.autosave_target(i);
-                crate::io::save_to_bytes(&self.tabs[i].scene.document, "dwg", version)
+            tasks.push(self.queue_native_save(
-            {
+                i,
-                if std::fs::write(self.autosave_target(i), bytes).is_ok() {
+                target,
-                    n += 1;
+                version,
-                }
+                crate::app::SavePurpose::Autosave,
-            }
+                crate::app::SaveContinuation::None,
+                false,
+            ));
         }
-        if n > 0 {
+        Task::batch(tasks)
-            self.command_line
-                .push_output(&format!("Autosaved {n} drawing(s)"));
-        }
-        Task::none()
     }
 
     #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]

src/app/update/mod.rs

@@ -3770,17 +3770,11 @@ impl OpenCADStudio {
 
             Message::AutoSave => self.on_autosave(),
 
-            Message::UnsavedPickedSavePath(Some(path)) => {
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-                self.on_unsaved_picked_save_path_some(path)
+            Message::SaveFinished(outcome) => self.on_save_finished(outcome),
-            }
 
-            Message::UnsavedPickedSavePath(None) => {
+            #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
-                // User cancelled the save-as dialog — re-open the confirmation dialog.
+            Message::SaveFinished(_) => Task::none(),
-                if self.pending_close.is_some() {
-                    return self.open_unsaved_dialog_window();
-                }
-                Task::none()
-            }
 
             // ── Page Setup ────────────────────────────────────────────────
             Message::UpdateCheckResult(latest) => {

src/io/mod.rs

@@ -183,6 +183,12 @@ pub fn load_file(path: &Path) -> Result<CadDocument, String> {
 
     match effective.as_str() {
         "dwg" => {
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            let mut doc = DwgReader::from_mmap(path)
+                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?
+                .read()
+                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
+            #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
             let mut doc = DwgReader::from_file(path)
                 .map_err(|e| e.to_string())?
                 .read()
@@ -418,19 +424,130 @@ pub fn save_as_version(
     path: &Path,
     version: acadrust::DxfVersion,
 ) -> Result<(), String> {
-    let mut doc = doc.clone();
+    let clone_started = std::time::Instant::now();
+    let snapshot = doc.clone();
+    let clone_ms = clone_started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
+    save_owned_as_version_inner(snapshot, path, version, false, clone_ms)
+}
+
+/// Save an owned document snapshot. Preparation, serialization, compression and
+/// disk I/O can therefore run on a worker without borrowing live editor state.
+/// Output is written beside the destination and atomically renamed only after a
+/// complete file exists, so a failed save cannot truncate the previous drawing.
+#[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", allow(dead_code))]
+pub fn save_owned_as_version_atomic(
+    doc: CadDocument,
+    path: &Path,
+    version: acadrust::DxfVersion,
+    backup: bool,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    save_owned_as_version_inner(doc, path, version, backup, 0.0)
+}
+
+fn save_owned_as_version_inner(
+    mut doc: CadDocument,
+    path: &Path,
+    version: acadrust::DxfVersion,
+    backup: bool,
+    clone_ms: f64,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let perf = std::env::var_os("OCS_PERF").is_some();
+    let total_started = std::time::Instant::now();
     doc.version = version;
+    let styles_started = std::time::Instant::now();
     sync_current_styles_on_save(&mut doc);
+    let styles_ms = styles_started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
+    let dimensions_started = std::time::Instant::now();
     crate::modules::draw::modify::explode::bake_dimension_blocks(&mut doc);
-    let ext = path
+    let dimensions_ms = dimensions_started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
+    let temp_path = save_temp_path(path);
+    let ext = temp_path
         .extension()
         .map(|e| e.to_string_lossy().to_lowercase())
         .unwrap_or_default();
-    match ext.as_str() {
+    let write_started = std::time::Instant::now();
+    let result = match ext.as_str() {
         "dxf" => DxfWriter::new(&doc)
-            .write_to_file(path)
+            .write_to_file(&temp_path)
             .map_err(|e| e.to_string()),
-        _ => DwgWriter::write_to_file(path, &doc).map_err(|e| e.to_string()),
+        _ => DwgWriter::write_to_file(&temp_path, &doc).map_err(|e| e.to_string()),
+    };
+    if let Err(error) = result {
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&temp_path);
+        return Err(error);
+    }
+    if backup {
+        write_backup(path);
+    }
+    if let Err(error) = replace_save_file(&temp_path, path) {
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&temp_path);
+        return Err(format!("replace {}: {error}", path.display()));
+    }
+    if perf {
+        eprintln!(
+            "[perf] save total={:.1}ms clone={:.1} styles={:.1} dimensions={:.1} write={:.1} entities={} objects={} path={}",
+            total_started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0,
+            clone_ms,
+            styles_ms,
+            dimensions_ms,
+            write_started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0,
+            doc.entities().count(),
+            doc.objects.len(),
+            path.display(),
+        );
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn save_temp_path(path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
+    static SERIAL: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64 = std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64::new(1);
+    let serial = SERIAL.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
+    let stem = path
+        .file_stem()
+        .map(|value| value.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| "drawing".to_string());
+    let extension = path
+        .extension()
+        .map(|value| value.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| "dwg".to_string());
+    let name = format!(
+        ".{stem}.ocs-save-{}-{serial}.{extension}",
+        std::process::id()
+    );
+    path.parent().unwrap_or_else(|| Path::new(".")).join(name)
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+fn replace_save_file(temp_path: &Path, path: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    std::fs::rename(temp_path, path)
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+fn replace_save_file(temp_path: &Path, path: &Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    if !path.exists() {
+        return std::fs::rename(temp_path, path);
+    }
+    use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
+    let replaced: Vec<u16> = path.as_os_str().encode_wide().chain(Some(0)).collect();
+    let replacement: Vec<u16> = temp_path
+        .as_os_str()
+        .encode_wide()
+        .chain(Some(0))
+        .collect();
+    let ok = unsafe {
+        windows_sys::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::ReplaceFileW(
+            replaced.as_ptr(),
+            replacement.as_ptr(),
+            std::ptr::null(),
+            0,
+            std::ptr::null(),
+            std::ptr::null(),
+        )
+    };
+    if ok == 0 {
+        Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error())
+    } else {
+        Ok(())
     }
 }
 
@@ -450,18 +567,42 @@ pub fn save_to_bytes(
     ext: &str,
     version: acadrust::DxfVersion,
 ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+    let perf = std::env::var_os("OCS_PERF").is_some();
+    let total_started = std::time::Instant::now();
+    let clone_started = std::time::Instant::now();
     let mut doc = doc.clone();
+    let clone_ms = clone_started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
     doc.version = version;
+    let styles_started = std::time::Instant::now();
     sync_current_styles_on_save(&mut doc);
+    let styles_ms = styles_started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
+    let dimensions_started = std::time::Instant::now();
     crate::modules::draw::modify::explode::bake_dimension_blocks(&mut doc);
-    match ext.to_lowercase().as_str() {
+    let dimensions_ms = dimensions_started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
+    let write_started = std::time::Instant::now();
+    let result = match ext.to_lowercase().as_str() {
         "dxf" => DxfWriter::new(&doc).write_to_vec().map_err(|e| e.to_string()),
         _ => {
             let mut buf = std::io::Cursor::new(Vec::new());
             DwgWriter::write_to_writer(&mut buf, &doc).map_err(|e| e.to_string())?;
             Ok(buf.into_inner())
         }
+    };
+    if perf {
+        let bytes = result.as_ref().map_or(0, Vec::len);
+        eprintln!(
+            "[perf] save-bytes total={:.1}ms clone={:.1} styles={:.1} dimensions={:.1} write={:.1} bytes={} entities={} objects={}",
+            total_started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0,
+            clone_ms,
+            styles_ms,
+            dimensions_ms,
+            write_started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0,
+            bytes,
+            doc.entities().count(),
+            doc.objects.len(),
+        );
     }
+    result
 }
 
 

src/io/thumbnail.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ use image::{ImageFormat, Rgb, RgbImage};
 use std::io::Cursor;
 
 use crate::scene::{Scene, WireModel};
+use crate::scene::view::camera::Camera;
 
 /// Longest edge of the generated thumbnail, in pixels.
 const MAX_DIM: u32 = 256;
@@ -31,6 +32,20 @@ const MAX_DIM: u32 = 256;
 /// (AC1027) on, so the caller passes `false` for older targets → BMP/DIB.
 pub fn from_scene(scene: &Scene, png: bool, viewport: (f32, f32)) -> Option<Preview> {
     let wires = scene.entity_wires();
+    let camera = scene.camera.borrow();
+    from_snapshot(&wires, &camera, scene.bg_color, png, viewport)
+}
+
+/// Build a preview from immutable render inputs. Native background saves retain
+/// the resident wire `Arc` and a small camera copy, then run the point scan and
+/// image encoding on the save worker instead of blocking the UI thread.
+pub fn from_snapshot(
+    wires: &[WireModel],
+    camera: &Camera,
+    bg_color: [f32; 4],
+    png: bool,
+    viewport: (f32, f32),
+) -> Option<Preview> {
     if wires.is_empty() {
         return None;
     }
@@ -49,9 +64,8 @@ pub fn from_scene(scene: &Scene, png: bool, viewport: (f32, f32)) -> Option<Prev
         width: cw as f32,
         height: ch as f32,
     };
-    let cam = scene.camera.borrow();
+    rasterize(wires, cw, ch, bg_color, png, |x, y, z| {
-    rasterize(&wires, cw, ch, scene.bg_color, png, |x, y, z| {
+        camera.project(glam::DVec3::new(x, y, z), bounds)
-        cam.project(glam::DVec3::new(x, y, z), bounds)
             .map(|s| (s.x.round() as i32, s.y.round() as i32))
     })
 }

src/modules/draw/modify/explode.rs

@@ -944,34 +944,59 @@ fn explode_dimension(dim: &Dimension, doc: &CadDocument) -> Vec<EntityType> {
 /// field but not `base`, so without this the saved group 10 goes stale and the
 /// dimension's line / leader / origin jumps on reload (#181). Angular-2-line
 /// keeps a distinct base point (the second line's point) and is left alone.
-fn sync_dimension_base_points(doc: &mut CadDocument) {
+fn sync_dimension_base_points_and_collect_pending(doc: &mut CadDocument) -> Vec<Handle> {
-    for e in doc.entities_mut() {
+    let existing_blocks: rustc_hash::FxHashSet<String> = doc
-        if let EntityType::Dimension(d) = e {
+        .block_records
-            let def = match d {
+        .iter()
-                Dimension::Linear(x) => Some(x.definition_point),
+        .map(|record| record.name.to_ascii_lowercase())
-                Dimension::Aligned(x) => Some(x.definition_point),
+        .collect();
-                Dimension::Radius(x) => Some(x.definition_point),
+    let dimensions: Vec<(Handle, Option<Vector3>, bool)> = doc
-                Dimension::Diameter(x) => Some(x.definition_point),
+        .entities()
-                Dimension::Ordinate(x) => Some(x.definition_point),
+        .filter_map(|entity| {
-                Dimension::Angular3Pt(x) => Some(x.definition_point),
+            let EntityType::Dimension(dimension) = entity else {
+                return None;
+            };
+            let definition_point = match dimension {
+                Dimension::Linear(value) => Some(value.definition_point),
+                Dimension::Aligned(value) => Some(value.definition_point),
+                Dimension::Radius(value) => Some(value.definition_point),
+                Dimension::Diameter(value) => Some(value.definition_point),
+                Dimension::Ordinate(value) => Some(value.definition_point),
+                Dimension::Angular3Pt(value) => Some(value.definition_point),
                 Dimension::Angular2Ln(_) => None,
             };
-            if let Some(p) = def {
+            let base = dimension.base();
-                d.base_mut().definition_point = p;
+            let needs_sync =
+                definition_point.filter(|point| *point != base.definition_point);
+            let block_missing = base.block_name.trim().is_empty()
+                || !existing_blocks.contains(&base.block_name.to_ascii_lowercase());
+            Some((base.common.handle, needs_sync, block_missing))
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    let mut pending = Vec::new();
+    for (handle, definition_point, block_missing) in dimensions {
+        if let Some(point) = definition_point {
+            if let Some(EntityType::Dimension(dimension)) = doc.get_entity_mut(handle) {
+                dimension.base_mut().definition_point = point;
             }
         }
+        if block_missing {
+            pending.push(handle);
+        }
     }
+    pending
 }
 
 /// Smallest free `*D<n>` anonymous block name in `doc`.
-fn next_dimension_block_name(doc: &CadDocument) -> String {
+fn next_dimension_block_name(doc: &CadDocument, next: &mut u64) -> String {
-    let mut n = 0u64;
     loop {
+        let n = *next;
+        *next = (*next).saturating_add(1);
         let cand = format!("*D{n}");
         if doc.block_records.get(&cand).is_none() {
             return cand;
         }
-        n += 1;
     }
 }
 
@@ -993,37 +1018,32 @@ fn next_dimension_block_name(doc: &CadDocument) -> String {
 /// DWG, or copied via the `*D`-cloning copy path) are left untouched so their
 /// original graphics are preserved.
 pub fn bake_dimension_blocks(doc: &mut CadDocument) {
-    // Keep group-10 (base.definition_point) in step with the per-type geometry
+    // Keep group-10 in step and find missing blocks in one entity pass. Existing
-    // before writing — see sync_dimension_base_points.
+    // `*D` blocks are the save cache: only invalidated/new dimensions enter the
-    sync_dimension_base_points(doc);
+    // relatively expensive geometry generation below.
-
+    let pending = sync_dimension_base_points_and_collect_pending(doc);
-    // Handles of dimensions whose block reference is missing or dangling.
+    let dimensions: Vec<(Handle, Dimension)> = pending
-    let pending: Vec<Handle> = doc
+        .into_iter()
-        .entities()
+        .filter_map(|handle| match doc.get_entity(handle) {
-        .filter_map(|e| match e {
+            Some(EntityType::Dimension(d)) => Some((handle, d.clone())),
-            EntityType::Dimension(d) => {
-                let bn = &d.base().block_name;
-                if bn.trim().is_empty() || doc.block_records.get(bn).is_none() {
-                    Some(d.base().common.handle)
-                } else {
-                    None
-                }
-            }
             _ => None,
         })
         .collect();
 
-    for handle in pending {
+    use crate::par::prelude::*;
-        let dim = match doc.get_entity(handle) {
+    let doc_ref: &CadDocument = doc;
-            Some(EntityType::Dimension(d)) => d.clone(),
+    let generated: Vec<(Handle, Vec<EntityType>)> = dimensions
-            _ => continue,
+        .par_iter()
-        };
+        .map(|(handle, dim)| (*handle, explode_dimension(dim, doc_ref)))
-        let subs = explode_dimension(&dim, doc);
+        .collect();
+
+    let mut next_block_number = 0u64;
+    for (handle, subs) in generated {
         if subs.is_empty() {
             continue;
         }
 
-        let name = next_dimension_block_name(doc);
+        let name = next_dimension_block_name(doc, &mut next_block_number);
         // Reserve three consecutive handles for the record / block / endblk.
         // Adding the block + endblk (which carry explicit handles) advances the
         // document's handle counter past them, so the NULL-handle sub-entities

src/scene/pick/interaction_index.rs

@@ -479,6 +479,128 @@ pub struct InteractionHandleIndex {
     handles: SpatialSet<u64>,
 }
 
+struct WireIndexEntries {
+    wire: Option<Entry3<u32>>,
+    segments: Vec<Entry3<SegmentRef>>,
+    snap_points: Vec<Entry3<SnapPointRef>>,
+    key_vertices: Vec<Entry3<KeyVertexRef>>,
+    key_segments: Vec<Entry3<KeySegmentRef>>,
+    fill_triangles: Vec<Entry3<TriangleRef>>,
+    pick_triangles: Vec<Entry3<TriangleRef>>,
+    glyphs: Vec<Entry3<GlyphRef>>,
+    unbounded: bool,
+    max_line_half_width_px: f32,
+}
+
+fn collect_wire_index_entries(wire_idx: u32, wire: &WireModel) -> WireIndexEntries {
+    let mut entries = WireIndexEntries {
+        wire: finite_wire_aabb3(wire).map(|aabb| Entry3 {
+            aabb,
+            value: wire_idx,
+        }),
+        segments: Vec::with_capacity(wire.points.len().saturating_sub(1)),
+        snap_points: Vec::with_capacity(wire.snap_pts.len()),
+        key_vertices: Vec::with_capacity(wire.key_vertices.len()),
+        key_segments: Vec::with_capacity(wire.key_vertices.len().saturating_sub(1)),
+        fill_triangles: Vec::with_capacity(wire.fill_tris.len() / 3),
+        pick_triangles: Vec::with_capacity(wire.pick_tris.len() / 3),
+        glyphs: Vec::with_capacity(wire.text_verts.len() / 6),
+        unbounded: false,
+        max_line_half_width_px: if wire.line_weight_px.is_finite() {
+            (wire.line_weight_px * 0.5).max(0.0)
+        } else {
+            0.0
+        },
+    };
+    entries.unbounded = entries.wire.is_none();
+
+    for start in 0..wire.points.len().saturating_sub(1) {
+        let Some(aabb) = points_aabb3([
+            wire_point(wire, start),
+            wire_point(wire, start + 1),
+        ]) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        entries.segments.push(Entry3 {
+            aabb,
+            value: SegmentRef {
+                wire: wire_idx,
+                start: start as u32,
+            },
+        });
+    }
+    for (index, (point, _)) in wire.snap_pts.iter().enumerate() {
+        if point.is_finite() {
+            entries.snap_points.push(Entry3 {
+                aabb: [point.x, point.y, point.z, point.x, point.y, point.z],
+                value: SnapPointRef {
+                    wire: wire_idx,
+                    index: index as u32,
+                },
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    for (index, &point) in wire.key_vertices.iter().enumerate() {
+        if point.iter().all(|value| value.is_finite()) {
+            entries.key_vertices.push(Entry3 {
+                aabb: [point[0], point[1], point[2], point[0], point[1], point[2]],
+                value: KeyVertexRef {
+                    wire: wire_idx,
+                    index: index as u32,
+                },
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    for start in 0..wire.key_vertices.len().saturating_sub(1) {
+        let Some(aabb) =
+            points_aabb3([wire.key_vertices[start], wire.key_vertices[start + 1]])
+        else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        entries.key_segments.push(Entry3 {
+            aabb,
+            value: KeySegmentRef {
+                wire: wire_idx,
+                start: start as u32,
+            },
+        });
+    }
+    append_triangle_entries(
+        wire_idx,
+        &wire.fill_tris,
+        &wire.fill_tris_low,
+        &mut entries.fill_triangles,
+    );
+    append_triangle_entries(
+        wire_idx,
+        &wire.pick_tris,
+        &wire.pick_tris_low,
+        &mut entries.pick_triangles,
+    );
+    for start in (0..wire.text_verts.len()).step_by(6) {
+        let Some(quad) = wire.text_verts.get(start..start + 6) else {
+            break;
+        };
+        let Some(aabb) = points_aabb3(quad.iter().map(|vertex| {
+            [
+                vertex.pos[0] as f64 + vertex.pos_low[0] as f64,
+                vertex.pos[1] as f64 + vertex.pos_low[1] as f64,
+                vertex.pos[2] as f64 + vertex.pos_low[2] as f64,
+            ]
+        })) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        entries.glyphs.push(Entry3 {
+            aabb,
+            value: GlyphRef {
+                wire: wire_idx,
+                start: start as u32,
+            },
+        });
+    }
+    entries
+}
+
 impl InteractionHandleIndex {
     pub fn build(entries: impl IntoIterator<Item = (u64, [f64; 6])>) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -554,106 +676,76 @@ impl InteractionIndex {
         let mut unbounded_wires = Vec::new();
         let mut max_line_half_width_px = 0.0f32;
 
-        for (wire_idx, wire) in wires.iter().enumerate() {
+        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-            if wire.line_weight_px.is_finite() {
+        let per_wire: Vec<WireIndexEntries> = {
-                max_line_half_width_px =
+            use crate::par::prelude::*;
-                    max_line_half_width_px.max((wire.line_weight_px * 0.5).max(0.0));
+            wires
-            }
+                .par_iter()
-            let wire_idx = wire_idx as u32;
+                .enumerate()
-            if let Some(aabb) = finite_wire_aabb3(wire) {
+                .map(|(index, wire)| collect_wire_index_entries(index as u32, wire))
-                wire_entries.push(Entry3 {
+                .collect()
-                    aabb,
+        };
-                    value: wire_idx,
+        #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
-                });
+        let per_wire: Vec<WireIndexEntries> = wires
-            } else {
+            .iter()
-                unbounded_wires.push(wire_idx);
+            .enumerate()
-            }
+            .map(|(index, wire)| collect_wire_index_entries(index as u32, wire))
+            .collect();
 
-            for start in 0..wire.points.len().saturating_sub(1) {
+        // Every per-wire worker knows its exact output sizes. Reserve the flat
-                let a = wire_point(wire, start);
+        // arrays once before draining them so a dense block drawing does not
-                let b = wire_point(wire, start + 1);
+        // repeatedly copy already-flattened entries while the Vecs grow.
-                let Some(aabb) = points_aabb3([a, b]) else {
+        wire_entries.reserve(per_wire.iter().filter(|entries| entries.wire.is_some()).count());
-                    continue;
+        unbounded_wires.reserve(per_wire.iter().filter(|entries| entries.unbounded).count());
-                };
+        segment_entries.reserve(per_wire.iter().map(|entries| entries.segments.len()).sum());
-                segment_entries.push(Entry3 {
+        snap_point_entries.reserve(
-                    aabb,
+            per_wire
-                    value: SegmentRef {
+                .iter()
-                        wire: wire_idx,
+                .map(|entries| entries.snap_points.len())
-                        start: start as u32,
+                .sum(),
-                    },
+        );
-                });
+        key_vertex_entries.reserve(
+            per_wire
+                .iter()
+                .map(|entries| entries.key_vertices.len())
+                .sum(),
+        );
+        key_segment_entries.reserve(
+            per_wire
+                .iter()
+                .map(|entries| entries.key_segments.len())
+                .sum(),
+        );
+        fill_triangle_entries.reserve(
+            per_wire
+                .iter()
+                .map(|entries| entries.fill_triangles.len())
+                .sum(),
+        );
+        pick_triangle_entries.reserve(
+            per_wire
+                .iter()
+                .map(|entries| entries.pick_triangles.len())
+                .sum(),
+        );
+        glyph_entries.reserve(per_wire.iter().map(|entries| entries.glyphs.len()).sum());
+
+        for (wire_idx, mut entries) in per_wire.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            max_line_half_width_px =
+                max_line_half_width_px.max(entries.max_line_half_width_px);
+            if let Some(entry) = entries.wire {
+                wire_entries.push(entry);
             }
-            for (index, (point, _)) in wire.snap_pts.iter().enumerate() {
+            if entries.unbounded {
-                if !point.is_finite() {
+                unbounded_wires.push(wire_idx as u32);
-                    continue;
-                }
-                snap_point_entries.push(Entry3 {
-                    aabb: [point.x, point.y, point.z, point.x, point.y, point.z],
-                    value: SnapPointRef {
-                        wire: wire_idx,
-                        index: index as u32,
-                    },
-                });
-            }
-            for (index, &point) in wire.key_vertices.iter().enumerate() {
-                if !point.iter().all(|value| value.is_finite()) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                key_vertex_entries.push(Entry3 {
-                    aabb: [point[0], point[1], point[2], point[0], point[1], point[2]],
-                    value: KeyVertexRef {
-                        wire: wire_idx,
-                        index: index as u32,
-                    },
-                });
-            }
-            for start in 0..wire.key_vertices.len().saturating_sub(1) {
-                let Some(aabb) =
-                    points_aabb3([wire.key_vertices[start], wire.key_vertices[start + 1]])
-                else {
-                    continue;
-                };
-                key_segment_entries.push(Entry3 {
-                    aabb,
-                    value: KeySegmentRef {
-                        wire: wire_idx,
-                        start: start as u32,
-                    },
-                });
-            }
-            append_triangle_entries(
-                wire_idx,
-                &wire.fill_tris,
-                &wire.fill_tris_low,
-                &mut fill_triangle_entries,
-            );
-            append_triangle_entries(
-                wire_idx,
-                &wire.pick_tris,
-                &wire.pick_tris_low,
-                &mut pick_triangle_entries,
-            );
-            for start in (0..wire.text_verts.len()).step_by(6) {
-                let Some(quad) = wire.text_verts.get(start..start + 6) else {
-                    break;
-                };
-                let Some(aabb) = points_aabb3(quad.iter().map(|vertex| {
-                    [
-                        vertex.pos[0] as f64 + vertex.pos_low[0] as f64,
-                        vertex.pos[1] as f64 + vertex.pos_low[1] as f64,
-                        vertex.pos[2] as f64 + vertex.pos_low[2] as f64,
-                    ]
-                })) else {
-                    continue;
-                };
-                glyph_entries.push(Entry3 {
-                    aabb,
-                    value: GlyphRef {
-                        wire: wire_idx,
-                        start: start as u32,
-                    },
-                });
             }
+            segment_entries.append(&mut entries.segments);
+            snap_point_entries.append(&mut entries.snap_points);
+            key_vertex_entries.append(&mut entries.key_vertices);
+            key_segment_entries.append(&mut entries.key_segments);
+            fill_triangle_entries.append(&mut entries.fill_triangles);
+            pick_triangle_entries.append(&mut entries.pick_triangles);
+            glyph_entries.append(&mut entries.glyphs);
         }
 
         #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]

src/scene/pipeline/mod.rs

@@ -149,7 +149,9 @@ pub struct Pipeline {
     /// ref-counted, so N paper viewports (or Model tiles) drawing one identical
     /// resident set hold one copy of the GPU vertex buffers between them —
     /// their camera uniforms + scissor stay per-slot, only the geometry is
-    /// deduplicated. Never mutated in place, only reassigned on content change.
+    /// deduplicated. Never mutated in place; an arena-backed slot may also
+    /// replace this thin draw-range list on camera changes without touching the
+    /// shared resident buffer.
     pub(crate) gpu_wires: std::sync::Arc<Vec<WireGpu>>,
     /// Persistent per-entity wire instance arena (native, `OCS_WIRE_GPU_PATCH`).
     /// When active, `gpu_wires` is a thin wrapper over this arena's buffers and an
@@ -164,6 +166,10 @@ pub struct Pipeline {
     /// The Model content id both arenas currently mirror (`u64::MAX` = none).
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
     pub(crate) wire_arena_id: u64,
+    /// Last content/camera/viewport tuple used to derive visible instance
+    /// ranges from the resident arena.
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    pub(crate) wire_cull_key: (u64, u64, u32, u32),
     /// This content viewport's non-rectangular clip boundary as a triangle-fan
     /// vertex buffer in the render target's normalized device coords (`None` =
     /// rectangular / unclipped, where the viewport's own render rectangle does
@@ -1450,6 +1456,8 @@ impl Pipeline {
             wire_arena_mesh: None,
             #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
             wire_arena_id: u64::MAX,
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            wire_cull_key: (u64::MAX, u64::MAX, 0, 0),
             clip_boundary: None,
             gpu_selected_wires: vec![],
             gpu_preview_wires: vec![],
@@ -2572,7 +2580,10 @@ impl Pipeline {
                         pass.set_bind_group(1, bg.as_ref(), &[]);
                     }
                     pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, edges.instance_buffer.slice(..));
-                    pass.draw(0..6, 0..edges.instance_count);
+                    pass.draw(
+                        0..6,
+                        edges.first_instance..edges.first_instance + edges.instance_count,
+                    );
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -2638,7 +2649,10 @@ impl Pipeline {
                     pass.set_bind_group(1, bg.as_ref(), &[]);
                 }
                 pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, wire.instance_buffer.slice(..));
-                pass.draw(0..6, 0..wire.instance_count);
+                pass.draw(
+                    0..6,
+                    wire.first_instance..wire.first_instance + wire.instance_count,
+                );
             }
             // Live overlay wires (command preview / interim / grip drag) always
             // on top: the xray pipeline (depth_compare=Always, no depth write)
@@ -2653,7 +2667,10 @@ impl Pipeline {
                             pass.set_bind_group(1, bg.as_ref(), &[]);
                         }
                         pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, pw.instance_buffer.slice(..));
-                        pass.draw(0..6, 0..pw.instance_count);
+                        pass.draw(
+                            0..6,
+                            pw.first_instance..pw.first_instance + pw.instance_count,
+                        );
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -2791,7 +2808,10 @@ impl Pipeline {
                         pass.set_bind_group(1, bg.as_ref(), &[]);
                     }
                     pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, wire.instance_buffer.slice(..));
-                    pass.draw(0..6, 0..wire.instance_count);
+                    pass.draw(
+                        0..6,
+                        wire.first_instance..wire.first_instance + wire.instance_count,
+                    );
                 }
             }
         }

src/scene/pipeline/wire_arena.rs

@@ -62,6 +62,9 @@ struct Slab {
     inst_len: u32,
     const_off: u32,
     const_len: u32,
+    /// World-XY bounds for plan-view draw-range culling. Unbounded whenever a
+    /// source wire does not carry a trustworthy entity AABB.
+    aabb: [f32; 4],
     /// Entity-level draw depth used when this slab was emitted. Individual
     /// consts may carry block-local offsets around it; structural edits shift
     /// the whole slab by the base-depth delta instead of flattening those
@@ -182,6 +185,37 @@ fn handle_ranges(wires: &[&WireModel]) -> Option<Vec<(Handle, usize, usize)>> {
     Some(out)
 }
 
+fn run_aabb(wires: &[&WireModel]) -> [f32; 4] {
+    let mut out = [
+        f32::INFINITY,
+        f32::INFINITY,
+        f32::NEG_INFINITY,
+        f32::NEG_INFINITY,
+    ];
+    for wire in wires {
+        let [x0, y0, x1, y1] = wire.aabb;
+        if !x0.is_finite()
+            || !y0.is_finite()
+            || !x1.is_finite()
+            || !y1.is_finite()
+            || x0 > x1
+            || y0 > y1
+        {
+            return WireModel::UNBOUNDED_AABB;
+        }
+        let pad = (wire.world_width * 0.5).max(0.0);
+        out[0] = out[0].min(x0 - pad);
+        out[1] = out[1].min(y0 - pad);
+        out[2] = out[2].max(x1 + pad);
+        out[3] = out[3].max(y1 + pad);
+    }
+    if out[0].is_finite() {
+        out
+    } else {
+        WireModel::UNBOUNDED_AABB
+    }
+}
+
 fn make_const_bg(
     device: &wgpu::Device,
     bgl: &wgpu::BindGroupLayout,
@@ -197,22 +231,50 @@ fn make_const_bg(
     }))
 }
 
-fn alloc_inst(device: &wgpu::Device, cap: u64) -> wgpu::Buffer {
+fn alloc_inst_initialized(
-    device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+    device: &wgpu::Device,
+    cap: u64,
+    data: &[WireInstance],
+) -> wgpu::Buffer {
+    let buffer = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
         label: Some("wire_arena.ibuf"),
         size: cap * std::mem::size_of::<WireInstance>() as u64,
         usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::VERTEX | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
-        mapped_at_creation: false,
+        mapped_at_creation: true,
-    })
+    });
+    if !data.is_empty() {
+        let bytes = bytemuck::cast_slice(data);
+        let mut mapped = buffer
+            .slice(..bytes.len() as u64)
+            .get_mapped_range_mut();
+        mapped.copy_from_slice(bytes);
+        drop(mapped);
+    }
+    buffer.unmap();
+    buffer
 }
 
-fn alloc_const(device: &wgpu::Device, cap: u64) -> wgpu::Buffer {
+fn alloc_const_initialized(
-    device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+    device: &wgpu::Device,
+    cap: u64,
+    data: &[WireConst],
+) -> wgpu::Buffer {
+    let buffer = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
         label: Some("wire_arena.cbuf"),
         size: cap * std::mem::size_of::<WireConst>() as u64,
         usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::STORAGE | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
-        mapped_at_creation: false,
+        mapped_at_creation: true,
-    })
+    });
+    if !data.is_empty() {
+        let bytes = bytemuck::cast_slice(data);
+        let mut mapped = buffer
+            .slice(..bytes.len() as u64)
+            .get_mapped_range_mut();
+        mapped.copy_from_slice(bytes);
+        drop(mapped);
+    }
+    buffer.unmap();
+    buffer
 }
 
 fn blank_const() -> WireConst {
@@ -230,8 +292,7 @@ fn blank_instance() -> WireInstance {
         distance_a: 0.0,
         distance_b: 0.0,
         wire_id: 0,
-        world_hw_a: 0.0,
+        taper_ratio: [0; 2],
-        world_hw_b: 0.0,
     }
 }
 
@@ -241,44 +302,128 @@ impl WireArena {
     /// path).
     pub fn build(
         device: &wgpu::Device,
-        queue: &wgpu::Queue,
+        _queue: &wgpu::Queue,
         wires: &[&WireModel],
         depth_map: &FxHashMap<u64, [f32; 2]>,
         const_bgl: &wgpu::BindGroupLayout,
         mesh_edge: bool,
     ) -> Option<Self> {
         let ranges = handle_ranges(wires)?;
+        let perf = std::env::var_os("OCS_PERF").is_some();
+        let total_started = std::time::Instant::now();
+
+        // Reject an oversized batch before parallel emission allocates hundreds
+        // of megabytes. `points.len() - 1` is an upper bound because NaN-break
+        // segments are skipped by emit_wire_native.
+        let max_instances: usize = wires
+            .iter()
+            .map(|w| w.points.len().saturating_sub(1))
+            .sum();
+        if max_instances as u64 > MAX_INSTANCES || wires.len() as u64 + 1 > MAX_CONSTS {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        struct BuildPlan {
+            handle: Handle,
+            start: usize,
+            end: usize,
+            const_off: u32,
+            base_depth: f32,
+        }
+        struct PackedSlab {
+            handle: Handle,
+            const_off: u32,
+            base_depth: f32,
+            aabb: [f32; 4],
+            instances: Vec<WireInstance>,
+            consts: Vec<WireConst>,
+        }
+
+        // Assign global const slots serially so parallel workers can emit final
+        // wire_id values directly. Indexed parallel collect preserves handle and
+        // wire submission order.
+        let mut next_const = 1u32;
+        let plans: Vec<BuildPlan> = ranges
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(handle, start, end)| {
+                let const_off = next_const;
+                next_const += (end - start) as u32;
+                let base_depth = if mesh_edge {
+                    0.0
+                } else {
+                    depth_map.get(&handle.value()).map_or(0.0, |d| d[0])
+                };
+                BuildPlan {
+                    handle,
+                    start,
+                    end,
+                    const_off,
+                    base_depth,
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let pack_started = std::time::Instant::now();
+        use crate::par::prelude::*;
+        let packed: Vec<PackedSlab> = plans
+            .par_iter()
+            .map(|plan| {
+                let run = &wires[plan.start..plan.end];
+                let capacity: usize = run
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|w| w.points.len().saturating_sub(1))
+                    .sum();
+                let mut instances: Vec<WireInstance> = Vec::with_capacity(capacity);
+                let mut consts: Vec<WireConst> = Vec::with_capacity(run.len());
+                for (local, &w) in run.iter().enumerate() {
+                    let wire_id = plan.const_off + local as u32;
+                    // 3D mesh outline edges are occluded by true depth and must NOT
+                    // take the draw-order z-bias (or hidden back edges peek through
+                    // the shaded fill) — matching WireGpu::from_run.
+                    let dd = if mesh_edge { 0.0 } else { wire_draw_depth(w, depth_map) };
+                    let (mut emitted, cst) = emit_wire_native(w, wire_id, w.color, dd);
+                    instances.append(&mut emitted);
+                    consts.push(cst);
+                }
+                PackedSlab {
+                    handle: plan.handle,
+                    const_off: plan.const_off,
+                    base_depth: plan.base_depth,
+                    aabb: run_aabb(run),
+                    instances,
+                    consts,
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let pack_ms = pack_started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
+
+        let inst_count: usize = packed.iter().map(|slab| slab.instances.len()).sum();
+        let const_count: usize = 1 + packed.iter().map(|slab| slab.consts.len()).sum::<usize>();
+        if inst_count as u64 > MAX_INSTANCES || const_count as u64 > MAX_CONSTS {
+            return None;
+        }
 
         // const slot 0 = blank tombstone target.
-        let mut instances: Vec<WireInstance> = Vec::new();
+        let mut instances: Vec<WireInstance> = Vec::with_capacity(inst_count);
-        let mut consts_cpu: Vec<WireConst> = vec![blank_const()];
+        let mut consts_cpu: Vec<WireConst> = Vec::with_capacity(const_count);
-        let mut slabs: FxHashMap<Handle, Slab> = FxHashMap::default();
+        consts_cpu.push(blank_const());
-        for (h, i, j) in ranges {
+        let mut slabs: FxHashMap<Handle, Slab> =
+            FxHashMap::with_capacity_and_hasher(packed.len(), Default::default());
+        for mut packed_slab in packed {
             let inst_off = instances.len() as u32;
-            let const_off = consts_cpu.len() as u32;
+            let inst_len = packed_slab.instances.len() as u32;
-            let base_depth = if mesh_edge {
+            let const_len = packed_slab.consts.len() as u32;
-                0.0
+            instances.append(&mut packed_slab.instances);
-            } else {
+            consts_cpu.append(&mut packed_slab.consts);
-                depth_map.get(&h.value()).map_or(0.0, |d| d[0])
-            };
-            for &w in &wires[i..j] {
-                let wire_id = consts_cpu.len() as u32;
-                // 3D mesh outline edges are occluded by true depth and must NOT
-                // take the draw-order z-bias (or hidden back edges peek through
-                // the shaded fill) — matching WireGpu::from_run.
-                let dd = if mesh_edge { 0.0 } else { wire_draw_depth(w, depth_map) };
-                let (mut insts, cst) = emit_wire_native(w, wire_id, w.color, dd);
-                instances.append(&mut insts);
-                consts_cpu.push(cst);
-            }
             slabs.insert(
-                h,
+                packed_slab.handle,
                 Slab {
                     inst_off,
-                    inst_len: instances.len() as u32 - inst_off,
+                    inst_len,
-                    const_off,
+                    const_off: packed_slab.const_off,
-                    const_len: consts_cpu.len() as u32 - const_off,
+                    const_len,
-                    base_depth,
+                    aabb: packed_slab.aabb,
+                    base_depth: packed_slab.base_depth,
                 },
             );
         }
@@ -296,13 +441,24 @@ impl WireArena {
         let const_cap = ((const_tail as u64 * HEADROOM_NUM / HEADROOM_DEN)
             .max(MIN_CONST_CAP)
             .min(MAX_CONSTS)) as u32;
-        let inst_buf = alloc_inst(device, inst_cap as u64);
+        let upload_started = std::time::Instant::now();
-        let const_buf = alloc_const(device, const_cap as u64);
+        let inst_buf = alloc_inst_initialized(device, inst_cap as u64, &instances);
-        if inst_tail > 0 {
+        let const_buf = alloc_const_initialized(device, const_cap as u64, &consts_cpu);
-            queue.write_buffer(&inst_buf, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(&instances));
+        let upload_ms = upload_started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0;
-        }
-        queue.write_buffer(&const_buf, 0, bytemuck::cast_slice(&consts_cpu));
         let const_bind_group = make_const_bg(device, const_bgl, &const_buf);
+        if perf {
+            eprintln!(
+                "[perf] arena-build-detail total={:.1}ms pack={:.1} mapped-upload={:.1} handles={} wires={} instances={} instance-bytes={} consts={}",
+                total_started.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0,
+                pack_ms,
+                upload_ms,
+                slabs.len(),
+                wires.len(),
+                inst_tail,
+                inst_tail as usize * std::mem::size_of::<WireInstance>(),
+                const_tail,
+            );
+        }
 
         Some(Self {
             inst_buf,
@@ -381,6 +537,7 @@ impl WireArena {
             } else {
                 depth_map.get(&h.value()).map_or(0.0, |d| d[0])
             };
+            let aabb = run_aabb(run);
 
             if !self.slabs.contains_key(&h)
                 && self
@@ -419,7 +576,9 @@ impl WireArena {
                     const_off as u64 * csz,
                     bytemuck::cast_slice(&csts),
                 );
-                self.slabs.get_mut(&h).unwrap().base_depth = base_depth;
+                let slab = self.slabs.get_mut(&h).unwrap();
+                slab.base_depth = base_depth;
+                slab.aabb = aabb;
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -465,6 +624,7 @@ impl WireArena {
                     inst_len,
                     const_off,
                     const_len,
+                    aabb,
                     base_depth,
                 },
             );
@@ -509,9 +669,101 @@ impl WireArena {
         }
         vec![WireGpu {
             instance_buffer: self.inst_buf.clone(),
+            first_instance: 0,
             instance_count: self.inst_tail,
             is_3d_mesh_edge: self.mesh_edge,
             const_bind_group: Some(self.const_bind_group.clone()),
         }]
     }
+
+    /// Draw only plan-view entity ranges that can reach the viewport. The
+    /// instance buffer stays fully resident, so pan/zoom changes only this tiny
+    /// list of offsets — no repack and no GPU upload. Non-plan views use the
+    /// conservative full draw because a 2-D entity AABB does not contain Z.
+    pub fn wire_gpus_visible(
+        &self,
+        view_rot: glam::Mat4,
+        eye: glam::DVec3,
+        clip_w: u32,
+        clip_h: u32,
+    ) -> Vec<WireGpu> {
+        if self.inst_tail == 0 {
+            return vec![];
+        }
+        let projected_x = view_rot.transform_vector3(glam::Vec3::X);
+        let projected_y = view_rot.transform_vector3(glam::Vec3::Y);
+        let projected_z = view_rot.transform_vector3(glam::Vec3::Z);
+        let xy_scale = projected_x
+            .truncate()
+            .length()
+            .max(projected_y.truncate().length())
+            .max(f32::MIN_POSITIVE);
+        if projected_z.truncate().length() > xy_scale * 1e-5 {
+            return self.wire_gpus();
+        }
+
+        let mut ranges: Vec<(u32, u32)> = self
+            .slabs
+            .values()
+            .filter(|slab| {
+                slab.inst_len > 0
+                    && !super::aabb_offscreen(slab.aabb, view_rot, eye, clip_w, clip_h)
+            })
+            .map(|slab| (slab.inst_off, slab.inst_off + slab.inst_len))
+            .collect();
+        ranges.sort_unstable_by_key(|range| range.0);
+        let mut merged: Vec<(u32, u32)> = Vec::with_capacity(ranges.len());
+        for (start, end) in ranges {
+            if let Some((_, previous_end)) = merged.last_mut() {
+                if *previous_end == start {
+                    *previous_end = end;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            merged.push((start, end));
+        }
+        let mut ranges = merged;
+        if ranges.is_empty() {
+            return vec![];
+        }
+
+        // Cap CPU draw-call overhead on pathologically interleaved draw order.
+        // Merging a few separated visible spans draws their offscreen gap too,
+        // but retains order and still avoids the rest of a multi-million
+        // instance drawing.
+        const MAX_RANGES: usize = 64;
+        if ranges.len() > MAX_RANGES {
+            let group = (ranges.len() + MAX_RANGES - 1) / MAX_RANGES;
+            ranges = ranges
+                .chunks(group)
+                .map(|chunk| (chunk[0].0, chunk[chunk.len() - 1].1))
+                .collect();
+        }
+
+        if std::env::var_os("OCS_PERF").is_some() {
+            let submitted: u64 = ranges
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(start, end)| (end - start) as u64)
+                .sum();
+            if submitted < self.inst_tail as u64 {
+                eprintln!(
+                    "[perf] wire-cull submitted={} resident={} ranges={}",
+                    submitted,
+                    self.inst_tail,
+                    ranges.len(),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        ranges
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(start, end)| WireGpu {
+                instance_buffer: self.inst_buf.clone(),
+                first_instance: start,
+                instance_count: end - start,
+                is_3d_mesh_edge: self.mesh_edge,
+                const_bind_group: Some(self.const_bind_group.clone()),
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
 }

src/scene/pipeline/wire_gpu.rs

@@ -65,9 +65,10 @@ fn instance_buffer_mapped<T: bytemuck::Pod>(
 // even though it's constant along the wire. On native we hoist those into a
 // per-wire `WireConst` storage buffer indexed by `wire_id`, so the instance
 // keeps only the per-segment data (endpoints + arc-length distances). Cuts the
-// instance from 104 B to 60 B (~42 %) and removes the redundant per-segment
+// instance from 104 B to one 64-byte cache line and removes the redundant
-// re-fetch of the shared constants. WebGL2 has no vertex-stage storage buffers,
+// per-segment re-fetch of the shared constants. WebGL2 has no vertex-stage
-// so the wasm build below keeps the original self-contained fat instance.
+// storage buffers, so the wasm build below keeps the original self-contained
+// fat instance.
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
@@ -80,11 +81,11 @@ pub struct WireInstance {
     pub distance_b: f32,
     /// Index into the per-wire `WireConst` storage buffer (group 1).
     pub wire_id: u32,
-    /// World-space half-width at each endpoint for a TAPERED band. `0.0` =
+    /// Endpoint width / the per-wire maximum width, normalized by the vertex
-    /// use the per-wire constant (`WireConst.world_half_width`). The shader
+    /// fetch unit. `[0, 0]` means use the constant width. Ratios retain the
-    /// interpolates between the two so the band tapers across the segment.
+    /// full f32 world-width scale in `WireConst` while making every instance
-    pub world_hw_a: f32,
+    /// exactly one 64-byte cache line.
-    pub world_hw_b: f32,
+    pub taper_ratio: [u16; 2],
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
@@ -99,8 +100,7 @@ impl WireInstance {
             wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: std::mem::offset_of!(WireInstance, distance_a) as u64, shader_location: 4, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32   },
             wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: std::mem::offset_of!(WireInstance, distance_b) as u64, shader_location: 5, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32   },
             wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: std::mem::offset_of!(WireInstance, wire_id) as u64,    shader_location: 6, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Uint32    },
-            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: std::mem::offset_of!(WireInstance, world_hw_a) as u64, shader_location: 7, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32   },
+            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: std::mem::offset_of!(WireInstance, taper_ratio) as u64, shader_location: 7, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Unorm16x2 },
-            wgpu::VertexAttribute { offset: std::mem::offset_of!(WireInstance, world_hw_b) as u64, shader_location: 8, format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32   },
         ];
         wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
             array_stride: std::mem::size_of::<WireInstance>() as u64,
@@ -284,6 +284,8 @@ impl WirePipelineMode {
 
 pub struct WireGpu {
     pub instance_buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
+    /// First instance in a shared arena buffer. Standalone buffers start at 0.
+    pub first_instance: u32,
     pub instance_count: u32,
     /// `true` when the source `WireModel` also carries `fill_tris`
     /// (i.e. it is a 3D mesh face — PolyfaceMesh / PolygonMesh — whose
@@ -520,9 +522,20 @@ pub(crate) fn emit_wire_native(
         return (Vec::new(), cst);
     }
     let low = |i: usize| -> [f32; 3] { wire.points_low.get(i).copied().unwrap_or([0.0; 3]) };
-    // Per-point half-width for a tapered band (empty ⇒ 0 ⇒ shader uses the
+    // Store an endpoint/max-width ratio. The shared f32 maximum keeps drawing
-    // per-wire constant width).
+    // units and range out of the packed field; UNORM16 contributes only a
-    let tw = |i: usize| -> f32 { wire.taper_widths.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(0.0) * 0.5 };
+    // relative error below 1/65535. Preserve zero as the existing constant
+    // width fallback sentinel.
+    let taper_ratio = |i: usize| -> u16 {
+        let width = wire.taper_widths.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(0.0);
+        if width <= 0.0 || wire.world_width <= 0.0 {
+            0
+        } else {
+            ((width / wire.world_width).clamp(0.0, 1.0) * u16::MAX as f32)
+                .round()
+                .max(1.0) as u16
+        }
+    };
     let mut instances: Vec<WireInstance> = Vec::with_capacity(seg_count);
     for i in 0..seg_count {
         let a = wire.points[i];
@@ -538,8 +551,7 @@ pub(crate) fn emit_wire_native(
             distance_a: dists[i],
             distance_b: dists[i + 1],
             wire_id,
-            world_hw_a: tw(i),
+            taper_ratio: [taper_ratio(i), taper_ratio(i + 1)],
-            world_hw_b: tw(i + 1),
         });
     }
     (instances, cst)
@@ -652,6 +664,7 @@ impl WireGpu {
                     let buf = instance_buffer_mapped(device, "wire.run.ibuf", chunk);
                     Self {
                         instance_buffer: buf,
+                        first_instance: 0,
                         instance_count: chunk.len() as u32,
                         is_3d_mesh_edge: mesh_edge,
                         const_bind_group: Some(bg.clone()),
@@ -684,6 +697,7 @@ impl WireGpu {
                 let buf = instance_buffer_mapped(device, "wire.run.compat.ibuf", chunk);
                 Self {
                     instance_buffer: buf,
+                    first_instance: 0,
                     instance_count: chunk.len() as u32,
                     is_3d_mesh_edge: mesh_edge,
                     const_bind_group: None,
@@ -740,6 +754,7 @@ impl WireGpu {
                     let instance_buffer = instance_buffer_mapped(device, &label, chunk);
                     Self {
                         instance_buffer,
+                        first_instance: 0,
                         instance_count: chunk.len() as u32,
                         is_3d_mesh_edge: false,
                         const_bind_group: Some(bg.clone()),
@@ -766,6 +781,7 @@ impl WireGpu {
                 let instance_buffer = instance_buffer_mapped(device, &label, chunk);
                 Self {
                     instance_buffer,
+                    first_instance: 0,
                     instance_count: chunk.len() as u32,
                     is_3d_mesh_edge: false,
                     const_bind_group: None,

src/scene/view/render.rs

@@ -271,6 +271,10 @@ impl shader::Primitive for Primitive {
                 inner.cached_mesh_source = None;
                 inner.cached_face3d_source = None;
                 inner.cached_face3d_depth_source = None;
+                #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+                {
+                    inner.wire_cull_key = (u64::MAX, u64::MAX, 0, 0);
+                }
                 inner.render_sig = u64::MAX;
             }
             // The MSAA / depth / resolve textures are always sized to the
@@ -709,6 +713,41 @@ impl shader::Primitive for Primitive {
             inner.compute_hatch_lod(queue, view_rot, eye, clip_size.width, clip_size.height);
             inner.compute_wipeout_lod(view_rot, eye, clip_size.width, clip_size.height);
             inner.compute_mesh_lod(view_rot, eye, clip_size.width, clip_size.height);
+            #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+            {
+                let cull_key = (
+                    vp.wire_content_id,
+                    vp.camera_generation,
+                    clip_size.width,
+                    clip_size.height,
+                );
+                if inner.wire_arena_id == vp.wire_content_id
+                    && inner.wire_cull_key != cull_key
+                {
+                    let mut visible = inner
+                        .wire_arena
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .map(|arena| {
+                            arena.wire_gpus_visible(
+                                view_rot,
+                                eye,
+                                clip_size.width,
+                                clip_size.height,
+                            )
+                        })
+                        .unwrap_or_default();
+                    if let Some(arena) = inner.wire_arena_mesh.as_ref() {
+                        visible.extend(arena.wire_gpus_visible(
+                            view_rot,
+                            eye,
+                            clip_size.width,
+                            clip_size.height,
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    inner.gpu_wires = std::sync::Arc::new(visible);
+                    inner.wire_cull_key = cull_key;
+                }
+            }
             if vp.show_viewcube {
                 inner.viewcube.upload(
                     queue,

src/shaders/wire_indexed.wgsl

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 // Wire shader (native) — same as wire.wgsl, but the per-wire constants
 // (color / half_width / dash pattern / draw_depth) live in a per-wire storage
 // buffer indexed by `wire_id` instead of being replicated on every segment
-// instance. Cuts the instance from 104 B to 60 B and removes the redundant
+// instance. Cuts the instance from 104 B to one 64-byte cache line and removes
-// per-segment re-fetch of constants. WebGL2 has no vertex-stage storage
+// the redundant per-segment re-fetch of constants. WebGL2 has no vertex-stage
-// buffers, so the wasm build uses wire.wgsl (fat instance) instead.
+// storage buffers, so the wasm build uses wire.wgsl (fat instance) instead.
 
 struct Uniforms {
     viewport_size:    vec2<f32>,
@@ -44,10 +44,9 @@ struct InstanceIn {
     @location(4) distance_a: f32,
     @location(5) distance_b: f32,
     @location(6) wire_id:    u32,
-    // Per-endpoint world half-width for a tapered band (0 = use the per-wire
+    // Per-endpoint width / per-wire maximum width. Vertex UNORM16 conversion
-    // constant `world_half_width`).
+    // expands this to 0..1; zero keeps the constant-width fallback.
-    @location(7) world_hw_a: f32,
+    @location(7) taper_ratio: vec2<f32>,
-    @location(8) world_hw_b: f32,
 }
 
 const DRAW_ORDER_BIAS: f32 = 0.001;
@@ -73,8 +72,10 @@ struct VertexOut {
 // Half-width of one segment end: a tapered band's own end width wins, then a
 // constant world-unit band, then the screen-pixel lineweight (LWDISPLAY off
 // collapses to a hairline).
-fn resolve_hw(taper: f32, world_hw: f32, px_hw: f32) -> f32 {
+fn resolve_hw(taper_ratio: f32, world_hw: f32, px_hw: f32) -> f32 {
-    if taper > 0.0 { return max(taper / u.world_per_pixel, 0.5); }
+    if taper_ratio > 0.0 {
+        return max((taper_ratio * world_hw) / u.world_per_pixel, 0.5);
+    }
     if world_hw > 0.0 { return max(world_hw / u.world_per_pixel, 0.5); }
     return select(0.5, px_hw, u.lwdisplay_enable > 0.5);
 }
@@ -114,12 +115,12 @@ fn resolve_hw(taper: f32, world_hw: f32, px_hw: f32) -> f32 {
     // by `world_half_width / world_per_pixel` (screen pixels) so the band grows
     // and shrinks with zoom. A normal wire (world_half_width == 0) uses the
     // screen-pixel half-width, honouring the LWDISPLAY toggle.
-    // A tapered band carries a per-endpoint world half-width on the instance:
+    // A tapered band carries normalized endpoint widths on the instance:
     // interpolate across the segment so the band narrows/widens smoothly. A
     // constant band uses the per-wire `world_half_width`. Both clamp to a
     // half-pixel so a zoomed-out band stays a hairline instead of vanishing.
-    let hw_a = resolve_hw(in.world_hw_a, c.world_half_width, c.half_width);
+    let hw_a = resolve_hw(in.taper_ratio.x, c.world_half_width, c.half_width);
-    let hw_b = resolve_hw(in.world_hw_b, c.world_half_width, c.half_width);
+    let hw_b = resolve_hw(in.taper_ratio.y, c.world_half_width, c.half_width);
     let hw = mix(hw_a, hw_b, which_end);
 
     // Extend the quad longitudinally by the end half-width and let the